Average Terror | thedenialfile.
Now, this is worth re-posting! What do we have to fear most? Being average?
Roger Albert
Business-Managed Democracy
I was just about to embark on a lengthly rant about how we treat the poor when I ran across this blog and decided to share it with you. This is Sharon Beder’s website and I’m letting her do the ranting for today. She would definitely pass as a rebel and a dangerous radical in Stephen Harper’s world so that’s why I kind of like her work. I’m not saying I agree with everything on this website, but she has some interesting insights into why we treat the poor the way we do and why we blame them for everything they are and aren’t. Click on the link below to see what I mean. Then we can talk.
Just saying, though, that if money equals mobility and life, then poverty must equal immobility and death. Zombies are such a good metaphor for the homeless, aren’t they?
Escape 30: A last gasp…
Escape 30: A last gasp…
Ok, so I’ve turned a lot of bits into bytes and then into kilobytes in the last month doing this blow by blow evaluation of Ernest Becker’s Escape From Evil. After flogging humanity for its hubris, arrogance and basic failure to be nice, Becker asks in an almost doleful way, what can a science of man do to turn this thing around? He says, “Men cannot abandon the heroic.” (p. 159) Well, that’s a bummer. He goes on to argue that we need our illusions. “The great question is: if illusions are needed, how can we have those that are capable of correction, and how can we have those that are capable of correction, and how can we have those that will not deteriorate into delusions?” (p. 159)
If men live in myths and not absolutes, there is nothing we can do or say about that. But we can argue for nondestructive myths; this is the task of what would be a general science of society.
Of course this implies that human action is responsive to reason. It may be in individual circumstances in a very limited way, but when it goes up against the power of a determined lie of an ideology, it doesn’t stand much of a chance. It seems we can deny evidence, we can deny effect if in doing so we continue on the road to the good life, prosperity and immortality.
The task of social theory is to show how society aggravates and uses natural fears, but there is no way to get rid of the fears simply by showing how leaders use them or by saying that men must ‘take them in hand.’ Men will still take one another’s heads because their own heads stick out and they feel exposed and guilty. The task of social theory is not to explain guilt away or to absorb it unthinkingly in still another destructive ideology, but to neutralize it and give it expression in truly creative and life-enhancing ideologies.
What might these be? Well they aren’t to be found in traditional religions, says Becker. The problem with Christianity and other churches these days is that their hero system has been eclipsed by secular society. The current pope understands that but he also knows that providing people with a bit of an opportunity for personal heroism might just get their juices flowing again. And of course it must be said that churches have and still do take sides in secular conflicts as was the case in Ireland where the Catholics were organized around labour while the Protestants were more supportive of British capital. This is a generalization, of course, but not unreasonable. In the Middle East today, the same can be said about the Shi’ite and Sunni Muslim factions.
Now, Becker lays his soul bare. He wants us to buy into the notion that theory in the social science must be organized around bringing about social justice:
One of the reasons for our present disillusionment with theory in the social sciences is that it has done very little in this liberating direction. Even those intelligent social scientists who attempt a necessary balance between conservative and Marxist perspectives are amiss in this…what I am saying is that a general critical science of society that unites the best of both wings of thought is a present reality, and need not be delayed…In science, as in authentic religion, there is no easy refuge for empty-headed patriotism, or for putting off to some future date the exposure of large-scale social lies.
Of course, nobody wants their ‘large-scale social lies’ to be exposed. That’s why art, criticism, satire and science itself must be controlled. They are dangerous threats to the powers that be, the ones hiding behind the big lie of secular immortality striving.
It all comes down to this. Becker is the strong believer in reason. He knows that this belief is not entirely justified, but he’s kind of put himself into a corner where there is no way out.
So it is the disguise of panic that makes men live in ugliness, and not the natural animal wallowing. It seems to me that this means that evil is now amenable to critical analysis and, conceivably, to the sway of reason.
His ‘conceivably’ here speaks loudly that he is doubtful of what reason can do. I think that Becker in all his brilliance has based his work on a number of moral assumptions that keep making life difficult for him. One is that ‘evil’ means disease and death on the one hand, but also implies what humankind has done in efforts to try to eliminate ‘evil’ from the planet. Another is that human life has intrinsic value.
Yet another is that reason can awaken us from our slumber of denial, repression and transference. Still, there is a lot of insight in this book of Ernest Becker’s, insight that can be used to at least bring us as individuals to a place of wisdom and understanding.
Escape 29: Can psychology do it?
Escape 29: Can psychology do it?
My, my, this is a tough question for all of those people who would want science to provide prescriptions for future behaviour or for the amelioration of the human condition. Can psychology do it? Becker writes:
We can talk for a century about what causes human aggression; we can try to find the springs in animal instincts, or we can try to find them in bottled-up hatreds due to frustration or in some kind of miscarried experiences of early years, of poor child handling and training. All these would be true, but still trivial because men kill out of joy, in the experience of expansive transcendence over evil. If men kill out of heroic joy, what direction do we program for improvements in human nature? What are we going to improve if men work evil out of the impulse to righteousness and goodness?
if men are aggressive in order to expand life, if aggression in the service of life is man’s highest creative act?
Doesn’t look too promising does it? Not only that, Becker reflects on the idea that crazy, twisted people don’t do anywhere near as much damage to life as idealistic leaders. Leaders, no matter how screwed up they are, are still for people an ‘expression of the widespread urge to heroic transcendence.’ (p. 156)
Today we are living the grotesque spectacle of the poisoning of the earth by the nineteenth-century hero system of unrestrained material production. This is perhaps the greatest and most pervasive evil to have emerged in all of history, and it may even eventually defeat all of mankind. Still, there are no ‘twisted’ people whom we can hold responsible for this.
Well, I’m thinking there may be the odd ‘twisted’ bastard out there in the ranks of the world’s ‘leaders.’ I’m thinking Dick Cheney might qualify. If nothing else he and people like him, including Stephen Harper, are prepared to sacrifice anything including the viability of the only home they have, the earth. That’s twisted in my mind. Freud admitted himself that ‘there is no dependable line between normal and abnormal in affairs of the human world.’ (p. 156) WFT. So is there any hope for psychology, real psychology? I don’t really know. Not sure exactly what hope would look like. Becker was not convinced that the ‘psychical’ sciences could offer much in the way of advice to the human race.
Still, Becker notes, that Freud, no matter how cynical he got, always trusted psychoanalysis. In the end he believed in it as anyone believes in their particular hero system. That’s probably true of a lot of psychologists.
Well, the simple answer to the question in the title of this blog is no. How does psychology deal with problems of ‘cosmic heroism?’ So, now we come to the end of this Becker marathon. Tomorrow, in my last post in this series, I see what Becker has to say again about The Science of Man.
Escape 28: What is the heroic society?
Escape 28: What is the heroic society?
So, I’ve come to the last chapter of Ernest Becker’s Escape from Evil in this series of posts I’ve come to refer to as my Becker marathon. In this post and the last 2 to follow in the next couple of days, I work through this last chapter called Retrospect and Conclusion: What is the Heroic Society? It’s divided into 4 sections, History, Psychology, The Science of Man and the Conclusion [to this last chapter] Today, I take on his section on History, tomorrow, the section on Psychology and on the last day, this Thursday, The Science of Man and the Conclusion.
In this last chapter, it’s clear to me that Becker is grasping at straws. He has produced this mind-boggling analysis of what drives us and has driven us throughout history, our fear of death and our fear of life. Now what? How are we to suddenly lose our fear of death and put down the weapons we’ve used in their increasingly terrifying effectiveness in our determination to eliminate evil on the planet in the form of the ‘other’? We’ll get to his final thoughts on this in the last post in this series, but for now, History.
In the opening three paragraphs of this chapter Becker notes the emptiness of a classical Marxist analysis for the ‘liberation’ of humankind, which it claims will come after capitalism has run its course. I don’t think Becker is correct in his analysis of Marx because the only foray into utopianism that Marx attempted was in his book The German Ideology and he regretted that for the rest of his life. After he got over his youthful enthusiasm and humanism, he sat in the British Museum and studied until he got bum boils and concluded that the only thing he could say for sure about the fall of capitalism was that there would be no more exploitation of labour by capital because capital will have virtually eliminated labour in successive waves of overproduction. Becker wants to see Marxism as a failed potential immortality ideology for the masses. So, what is to be done? [Yes, that’s the title of one of Lenin’s books]
Well, we now know a lot more about the psychodynamics of history. It’s…
From the outside a saga of tyranny, violence, coercion; from the inside, self-delusion and self-enslavement.
If we didn’t have transference, we wouldn’t be able to stand life. We localize our fear and terror, make it manageable all the while exchanging our freedom for life. We are sorry creatures indeed, because unlike other animals we have ‘made death conscious.’ (p.148) Evil is in anything that makes us sick, wounds us or even ‘deprives us of pleasure.’ (p.148)
The result is one of the great tragedies of human existence, what we might call the need to ‘fetishize evil,’ to locate the threat to life in some special places where it can be placated and controlled. It is tragic precisely because it is sometimes very arbitrary; men make fantasies about evil, see it in the wrong places, and destroy themselves and others by uselessly thrashing about.
We do this so much it’s quite pathetic, really. Note what the Ugandan government has just done. The Ministry of Ethics and Integrity there is charged with seeing gays and lesbians punished and outlawed. Several US states would do the same and some are actively pursuing action against gays and lesbians. They see gays and lesbians as threats to their values. Wow, they obviously have very weak and precarious values to see gays and lesbians as a threat to them. As Nietzsche concluded, ‘all moral categories are power categories; they are not about virtue in any abstract sense.’ (P. 149)
Purity, goodness, rightness – these are ways of keeping power intact so as to cheat death; the striving for perfection is a way of qualifying for extraspecial immunity not only in this world but in others to come. Hence all categories of dirt, filth, imperfection, and error are vulnerability categories, power problems.
You can see why Tea Party Republicans and their counterparts in Uganda are so intent on persecuting gays and lesbians. They are vulnerability categories in their world! They need to be eliminated. Of course, we all need to individuate ourselves, to feel that our lives are meaningful. What better way of showing that we are special and deserving of power and life is to dedicate ourselves to eliminating dirt, filth, imperfection and error? Now that’s a heroic thing to do.
In other words, man is fated, as William James saw, to consider this earth as a theatre for heroism, and his life a vehicle for heroic acts which aim precisely to transcend evil…To be a true hero is to triumph over disease, want, death.
Even better sometimes, to be a true hero is to lay down one’s life to secure the lives of others. Think here of Jesus and scores of other heroes in history who died to secure mankind…‘by their blood we are saved.’ (p.151)
Freud was very pessimistic about the future of humankind. For Freud we humans are doomed by our own instincts for evil. Becker doesn’t buy that. For him, we are born hunters so it may seem that we ‘enjoy the feeling of maximizing [our] organismic powers at the expense of the trapped and helpless prey.’ (p. 152)
The tragedy of evolution is that it created a limited animal with unlimited horizons. Many is the only animal that is not armed with the natural instinctive mechanisms of programming for shrinking his world down to a size that he can automatically act on…Men have to keep from going mad by biting off small pieces of reality which they can get some command over and some organismic satisfaction from.
The thing that feeds the great destructiveness of history is that men give their entire allegiance to their own group; and each group is a codified hero system. Which is another way of saying that societies are standardized systems of death denial; they give structure to the formulas for heroic transcendence. History can then be looked at as a succession of immortality ideologies, or as a mixture at any time of several of these ideologies.
And so it came to be that we could only become heroic by following orders. Oh, I’m really summarizing Becker here and doing him an injustice in the process, no doubt. He seems most comfortable when he is chastising our species in a sense for a history filled with greater and greater paradigms for death denial, ones that expect us to be heroes as individuals, all right, but by ‘following orders.’ This is as true for Christianity as it is for Capitalism. Follow orders and you will be saved. The word ‘orders’ here may seem a little harsh and arbitrary because this is not a military type order. It’s a prescription for salvation that does not tolerate defiance. In capitalist terms, the ‘order’ means to consume.
Now a new type of productive and scientific hero came into prominence, and we are still living this today. More cars produced by Detroit, higher stock market prices, more profits, more goods moving – all this equals more heroism. And with the French Revolution another type of modern hero was codified: the revolutionary hero who will bring an end to injustice and evil once and for all, by bringing into being a new utopian society perfect in its purity.
Escape 26: It’s all about you and me. Yes, it’s personal, but the personal is the social.
Escape 26: It’s all about you and me. Yes, it’s personal, but the personal is the social.
So, I’ve managed to stay on schedule and write a blog post every day for the last 25 days. It’s been an exercise in discipline as much as anything. Why have I done this? Why have I done anything in my life? Why have you? I’ve been thinking about this for a long time and reading all the relevant material I could get my hands on. A lot of my attention has been and still is on the concept of morality and what it means to me as an individual and to the various groups I ‘belong’ to. In thinking about this, I like to use the metaphor of the dance.
Life for each of us is a dance, a dance between self-aggrandizement and self-effacement, between ego and group, between me and you and all of us. As an individual animal I need to eat, drink water, sleep, breathe air, shit and piss. I could say that I also need to have sex, but that’s really quite optional. Obviously for societies to survive some people need to have sex for the purpose of making babies, but not every member of a group needs to participate, as long as a ‘sufficient’ number do. So, I have my needs and you have your needs. Like sex, we have needs that involve other people. Sex is a basic social act. We need to cooperate to do it. Most of us have a sex drive (Freud called it the libido), but it varies in intensity from person to person. One thing is certain and that’s that we need the company of others. We are a social species. Of course, in a sense, all species are social, but we don’t all equally enjoy the company of others of our species. In some species life is pretty much a solitary experience, individuals coming together for sex and for not much of anything else. We humans are quite gregarious, by and large. We like and need contact with others. We know how devastating it can be when we don’t have meaningful human contact with others; we languish and die. We also know that the most devilish of all punishments is solitary confinement. We literally feed off of each other, as Kirby Farrell wrote so eloquently about in his blog post I reposted here today. Yet, there’s a problem we have to deal with as individuals in our social relations. In fact, as Norbert Elias argues, there is no such thing as a human individual, we are really interweavings and interdependencies. We know nothing, are nothing outside of our groups. Maybe after long years of effort we can learn to live by ‘our own devices’ but only because we take a whole lot of cultural baggage with us including material artifacts, things to do things with, tools for instance.
A hundred years ago, Thorstein Veblen teased classical economists for their view of us as “homogenous globules of desire” bouncing off of each other in the market as if we and society were two separate things. We are not. We are society. That doesn’t mean it wouldn’t exist without us. No. The existence of societies is not dependent on any number of discreet individuals, but only on the existence of a ‘sufficient’ number of individuals. ‘My’ society doesn’t stop functioning because I die. It’s not dependent on me. I, however, am dependent on it. To use an analogy, on the one hand, if I were a drop of water in a river, I could easily be ‘extracted’ from it and the river would still flow. If the river dries up, on the other hand, there can be no individual drops. Becker struggled with precisely these issues.
As individuals we need to feel that we have value. We need to feel that the space we take up on this planet is justified. We need to feel important, to know that our lives have meaning. We do not get this meaning from our bodies, by eating, shitting and pissing. So we do things as individuals to convince ourselves of our importance.
Enter the dark side of social life: Becker says that we now have a general theory of human evil. It’s the result of “man’s hunger for righteous self-expansion and perpetuation.” (p. 135) Often we exercise our hunger for self-expansion at the expense of others. We do this as siblings vying for our parent’s attention, by cutting another driver off in traffic, by shouting at a clerk, but we also do it in large groups through warfare, ‘ethnic cleansing, scapegoating and discrimination. The more power we have the more we can incorporate others in our self-expansive strategies. If I say to you ‘thanks for your time’ I’m tacitly acknowledging that I’m using you for my own purposes. If I ask you for a coffee I’m asking you to take time out of your life to do something for me. That may be a small thing, but small things add up so that sometimes we all but become slaves to others. Human relations are not always ‘win, win.’ Corporations appropriate the labour of thousands of people. As Becker writes:
We might say that there is a natural and built-in evil in social life because all interaction is mutual appropriation…social life seems at times life a science-fiction horror story, with everyone mutually gobbling each other like human spiders….My point in lingering on this is to show that we can have no psychology of evil unless we stress the driving personal motives behind man’s urge to heroic victory.
Of course, heroism is only possible within a society’s boundaries. No one can be a hero in a vacuum. Heroes can only be heroes if we collectively consider their actions heroic. And, as we know, heroes can lead us all into an orgy of personal self-expansion. That’s why we follow them with such devotion, but more so, we follow the group that creates the heroic possibility in the first place:
The individual gives himself to the group because of his desire to share in its immortality; we must say, even, that he is willing to die in order not to die.
Of course: if our group is the source of life and if that group dies, then we die permanently, body and spirit. So we have to defend our group with our lives. Don’t forget the aphorism from the first chapter in EFE. Evil is disease and death. To defeat evil means to defeat anyone or anything that would contest the values, morality and power relations in the group. “Men kill lavishly out of the sublime joy of heroic triumph over evil. Voilà tout.” (p. 141)
I think it is time for social scientists to catch up with Hitler as a psychologist, and to realize that men will do anything for heroic belonging to a victorious cause if they are persuaded about the legitimacy of that cause.
The ‘cause’ in the last sentence of the quote above could be a marriage, a friendship, a small business, art, a hockey tournament, saving whales, fighting Stephen Harper, building pipelines or opposing them.
Enough for now.
Escape 24: So, where do we go from here?
Escape 24: So, where do we go from here?
At the end of Chapter 8 Becker has a short section on transference. Freud wrote a book on transference, a phenomenon he observed in clinical practice where a patient would transfer to his doctor feelings she once had towards her parents. Patients were quick to abandon their egos to the new power figure in their lives. Others, among them Adler, Rank, Jung and Fromm extended Freud’s observations. It’s because of them, Becker argues that “today we can say that transference is a reflex of the fatality of the human condition. Transference to a powerful other takes care of the overwhelmingness of the universe.” (p.127). Transference is an incredibly powerful impulse. How is it that “men were so sheeplike when they functioned in groups – how they abandoned their egos to the leader, identified with his powers just as they did once before when as dependent children they yielded to their parents.” (p.127)
Years ago I taught courses on studying skills on the Knowledge Network. As part of a course called Advanced Study Skills I talked about self-esteem and the need for self-esteem. Well it seems that one of my esteemed colleagues, an administrator at the college he was, took exception to the idea of self-esteem. He actually wrote a paper called Self-Esteem: The Scourge of the Twentieth Century. In simple terms his argument is that any self-love detracts from the love of God. A Christian, (but he could have subscribed to any number of immortality-ideologies and come up with the same conclusion) he argues in his paper must invest his whole being in his love of God. The only being deserving of esteem is God. I think that this is a classic example of extreme transference. Of course, his logic is impeccable if you buy into his basic premise, which is that the body, the ego, the self, are the carriers of death and the only way to eternal life is by a complete abandonment to God, the ultimate symbol of the other side of life, the spiritual side, the one that doesn’t die.
Becker turns to transference in the last two chapters of EFE. He wrote a whole chapter on transference in The Denial of Death. In EFE his consideration is: where do we go from here? How can science deal with the fact that people are so willingly dominated by leaders who promise them health, prosperity and immortality, and the defeat of death?
My daughter, an evolutionary biologist, has always impressed me with her dedication to science and what Veblen called the search for truth. For her and scientists generally, science does nothing but create models of how the world works. Obviously ‘the world’ here refers to the physical world, the world amenable to our senses. In practice, our senses can be extended by telescopes, microscopes and a myriad of other technologies. We can ‘see’ into cells, DNA, galaxies and universes and create models for how they ‘work’. We can also ‘see’ into the behaviour or plants and animals. We can create models of how ‘things’ interact with each other and are interdependent.
I think that social scientists can also create models for how the world works. It gets more complicated when ‘looking at people (to use a visual metaphor) because we are people too and we are involved in our social worlds. It’s difficult to get enough detachment from the social world to study it ‘objectively.’ Becker advocated the scientific approach, but for him science had to contribute to making the world a better place. Many social scientists make the same assumption. So where do we go from here? Well, in the next chapter Becker takes on social theory, particularly Freud and Marx. As scientists, he argues that we have to “conceive of the possibility of a nondestructive yet victorious social system.” (p.126) He writes (and I end on this):
One of the reasons social scientists have been slow in getting around to such designs has been the lack of an adequate and agreed general theory of human nature…right now it is important to direct the reader to the quest for an agreed upon general theory of human nature to exactly what cripples the autonomy of the individual.
Well, maybe.
Escape 23: Each society is a hero system that promises victory over evil and death.
Escape 23: Each society is a hero system that promises victory over evil and death.
Since there is no secular way to resolve the primal mystery of life and death, all secular societies are lies…Each society is a hero system that promises victory over evil and death. But no mortal, nor even a group of as many as 700 million clean revolutionary mortals, can keep such a promise…it is not within man’s means to triumph over evil and death. For secular societies the thing is ridiculous…cultures are fundamentally and basically styles of heroic death denial.
If each historical society is in some ways a lie or a mystification, the study of society becomes the revelation of the lie…We can then ask empirically, it seems to me, what are the costs of such denials of death, because we know how these denials are structured into styles of life. These costs can be tallied roughly in two ways: in terms of the tyranny practiced within the society, and in terms of the victimage practiced against aliens or ‘enemies’ outside it.
Enough for today. There is much I could disagree with Becker on this assessment of the role of the study of society and it begins with how Thorstein Veblen would coldly address the basic issue here and that is whether or not human life has intrinsic value. More importantly, would an assumption of intrinsic value form the basis of a valid social science.
Escape 22: The Science of Man after Hitler
Escape 22: The Science of Man after Hitler
I have lingered on guilt, sacrifice, heroism, and immortality because they are the key concepts for the science of man in society that is emerging on our time.
Sociology has largely ignored this kind of analysis because it’s been caught up with it’s own immortality-project, it’s own definition of itself as a structural or constructionist endeavour. History, evolution and process are not welcome in its parlour. In my younger days I thought that if I wrote interesting and relevant material I would be taken seriously. I was a bit naïve. Sociologists could ignore Hitler or Mao as aberrations. Becker mentions two sociologists who bucked the trend, Kenneth Burke and Hugh Dalziel Duncan. I don’t know their work. It was never on the curriculum when I studied at university. Although Burke died it 1995 he was born in 1897 so his work could easily have been on the menu of any number of courses. Becker does point out though that their work is pretty much contained within Rank’s, so I don’t feel so bad not having read them. I have read many of Rank’s books, Art and Artist being one of my favourites.
The point here is that the old-time religious immortality-ideologies, the thousands that have existed and the many that still do can promise immortality. The body is the source of all evil and temptation. It’s where the Devil resides. If you can stay in the realm of the symbolic you stand a chance of heroic eternal life, but if you succumb to the pleasures of the flesh, you die just as all flesh dies. Spirit, if you can believe in it, lives on eternally. That has got to be the most difficult thing for people who still believe in a supernatural world. It’s bound to be a different supernatural world than many others so who’s supernatural world is the right one? Doubt creeps in and that brings on guilt and the need to expiate that guilt. One way out is to strike out at other immortality-projects, destroy them. They all, potentially, have a role to play in the expiation of guilt and in the concretization of belief in the one and only real way to heaven. But what happens in a world where the secular rules, where science and technology cannot promise any kind of sacred absolution? Then, as Becker points out, the nation, the race or ‘the people’ become god, the transcendent immortality-project that keeps people in the same kind of grip that ancient religions did and modern religions still do. It’s ridiculous, but it worked for Hitler and it worked for Mao. Both had no transcendent god to offer the people, only a vision of the people themselves as the vehicle for apotheosis. Hitler promised the German people a heroic victory over death as represented by the Jewish people. Mao had the great revolution and the glorious future into which his believers would march in all their glory.
In this cosmology it is the people themselves who carry the ‘immortal revolutionary substance’; God, then, ‘is none other than the masses of the Chinese people.’
Man still gropes for transcendence, but now this is not necessarily nature and God, but the SS or the CIA; the only thing that remains constant is that the individual still gives himself with the same humble trembling as the primitive to his totemic ancestor. The stake is identical – immortality power – and the unit of motivation is still the single individual and his fears and hopes.
The kind of effervescence that the promise of immortality brings is evident in events from music festivals to victory celebrations to protest marches. We don’t often have the kind of real opportunity to feel alive alongside thousands of others in a common cause where the stakes are high. We have our substitutes on professional hockey, football, soccer, cricket, the Olympics. These can get our blood pressure up; they can get that collective effervescence (as Durkheim described it) going in a ritual bloodletting and victorious battle. How often have I heard someone say, “Yeah, we kicked the shit out of the Oilers last night.” Meaning that the Canucks defeated the Oilers. The ‘we’ there is completely out of place in this sentence given the reality of the competition, but that doesn’t matter, it’s us against them, and it’s our immortality that’s at stake.
Escape 21: Scapegoating 101: “Hell is other people.”
Escape 21: Scapegoating 101: “Hell is other people.”
This is going to be a shorter post than the last few…which have been way too long. I fear I’m getting pedantic in my old age. Say it ain’t so. I’ll carry on now, pedantry or not. One positive thing I’m getting out of this is that my typing skills are improving, if nothing else.
So, in the last post we looked at Becker’s use of the term ‘sacrifice’. This post is about a related term, scapegoating. Scapegoating is a form of sacrifice…in the early days using a real goat. Now we do it with people, mostly people we blame, realistically or not, for all of our troubles. Becker opens this part of Chapter 8 with a quote from Jean-Paul Sartre, the existentialist, who said “Hell is other people.” I need to put that on a T-shirt, damn it!
From the beginning, men have served the appetites of one another in the most varying ways, but these were always reducible to a single theme: the need for fuel for one’s own aggrandizement and immunity. Men use one another to assure their personal victory over death…In one of the most logical formulas on the human condition Rank observed: ‘The death fear of the ego is lessened by the killing, the sacrifice, of the other; through the death of the other, one buys oneself free from the penalty of dying, of being killed. No wonder men are addicted to war…war is a ritual for the emergence of heroes.
What about heroes? This is where Becker introduces the concept of heroism as a major element in his whole thought. Heroes are not like the rest of us. Most of us would be willing to sacrifice just about anyone who stands in our way, friend or foe, because inevitably people offend us. A wife or husband ‘cheats’, another driver cuts us off in traffic then gives us the finger. As Becker notes, this is the price of our natural narcissism. We would like to kill people, or at least maim them, almost every day, but our fear of death prevents us. Heroes are different. They take the bullet, they take on the bad guys, they put themselves in harms way instead of throwing others in the way. So “war IS a ritual for the emergence of heroes.”
The logic of scapegoating, then, is based on animal narcissism and hidden fear. If luck, as Aristotle said, is when the arrow hits the fellow next to you, then scapegoating is pushing the fellow into its path – with special alacrity if he is a stranger to you.
Freud was right; in the narcissism of earthly bodies, where each is imprisoned fatally in his own finite integument, everyone is alien to oneself and subject to the status of scapegoating for one’s own life.
We kill others, literally or socially, in order to affirm our own life. Then killing others in mass rituals like war is spectacularly affirming. To bring it closer to home and in a bit of a less dramatic fashion, consider the way we treat the homeless and the poor and how desperately they try to hide their condition. We kill them socially; it’s almost better than killing them physically because we prolong their suffering and see their distress and immobility as it slowly unfolds before our very eyes. That affirms our life.
As we watch the Sochi Olympic Games, the victory celebration is a way of
…experiencing the power of our lives and the visible decrease of the enemy: it is a sort of staging of the whole meaning of a war, the demonstration of the essence of it – which is why the public display, humiliation, and execution of prisoners is so important. ‘They are weak and die: we are strong and live.’
We are disgusted by what is happening in North Korea but we turn a blind eye to the humiliation and degradation prisoners experience in our own prisons every day.
The U.S. is always keen to keep the torches lit and the electric chair warmed up. Guantanamo Bay is a celebration of American power.
It is obvious that man kills to cleanse the earth of tainted ones, and that is what victory means and how it commemorates life and power: man is bloodthirsty to ward off the flow of his own blood.
Other things that we have found hard to understand have been hatreds and feuds between tribes and families, and continual butchery practiced for what seemed petty, prideful motives of personal honor and revenge.
Nothing has changed much. We all think that we are the chosen people and if we don’t try literally to exterminate those who don’t agree with us or who aren’t like us therefore we can’t possibly ‘like’, we ostracize them, marginalize them, ignore them.
Here I would quote a passage that Becker uses from Alan Harrington, but it’s too long and I’m too tired. Suffice it to say, that that guy over there with the funny beard and strange looking clothes and hat, what if that guy is right in his beliefs. Can he be my equal? “All I know is if he’s right I’m wrong.” (p. 113)
In times of peace, without an external enemy, the fear that feeds war tends to find its outlet within the society, in the hatred between classes and races, in the everyday violence of crime, of automobile accidents, and even the self-violence of suicide.
Enough for today, don’t you think? Is anybody really reading this stuff anyway?
Roger Albert - Always a Sociologist: Now Living With Myeloma 